1994 字

ELEMENTARY RULES OF USAGE脱水版

于淼 · 2014/02/19

如有侵权，请转告，得到通知后24小时内删除。

名词所有格

一般加’s，以下为例外

  • 对于以-es与-is结尾的名词用of
    • the heel of Achilles
    • the laws of Moses
    • the temple of Isis
  • Jesus’
  • for conscience’ sake
  • for righteousness’ sake
  • hers, its, theirs, yours与oneself无所有格

列举三个或更多名词除最后一个外用逗号分割

  • 商店名最后一个逗号用and替代
  • etc.前面要有逗号，哪怕只有一个词

插入语用逗号分割

  • 只要使用，必须成双配对
  • 非限制定语从句（一般指which， when， where从句）要用逗号分割
  • 限制性定语从句不用分割
  • etc. jr.前面要有逗号，但前面一个词用在句末可以不用
  • 两个用连词连接句子中间的插入语前面的逗号要放到连词之前 He saw us coming, and unaware that we had learned of his treachery, greeted us with a smile.

在and或but之前用逗号来引导子句

  • 可避免使用连词用介词或不定式表示较强的关系
  • 两段式句子更容易懂，用在非正式问题减轻读者阅读压力

不要用逗号连接独立子句

  • 独立子句用分号连接
  • 可以直接用句号分拆也可以
  • accordingly, besides,so, then, therefore或thus等副词引导从句，用分号分割 I had never been in the place before; so I had difficulty in finding my way about.
  • 避免使用so，会导致滥用，不如改用as提到前面去 As I had never been in the place before, I had difficulty in finding my way about.
  • 如果句子很短，可考虑用逗号 The gate swung apart, the bridge fell, the portcullis was drawn up.

不要把一体的句子用句号打断

分词的主语要确定

句尾断词要按照词的组成或发音来切割

  • 词组成 know-ledge (not knowl-edge) Shake-speare (not Shakes-peare) de-scribe (not des-cribe) atmo-sphere (not atmos-phere)
  • 元音分割 edi-ble (not ed-ible) propo-sition ordi-nary espe-cial reli-gious oppo-nents regu-lar classi-fi-ca-tion deco-rative presi-dent
  • 双字母分割 除非简单词的分词 Apen-nines Cincin-nati refer-ring tell-ing

ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSITION

段落为创作单元，一个主题一段

段落开头点明主题，结尾呼应开头

使用主动语态

  • 刷存在感
  • 被动语态不能取消掉主要动词的表述

主张用主动语态

  • 避免无意义、表意不清及含糊的表述
  • 避免not，阅读不悦 not honest <- dishonest not important <- trifling did not remember <- forgot did not pay any attention to <- ignored did not have much confidence in <- distrusted
  • 非not的否定词表意强烈

避免无意义的词

the question as to whether  <- whether (the question whether)
there is no doubt but that  <- no doubt (doubtless)
used for fuel purposes  <- used for fuel
he is a man who  <- he 
in a hasty manner  <- hastily
this is a subject which  <- this subject
His story is a strange one.  <- His story is strange.
owing to the fact that since (because)
in spite of the fact that  <- though (although)
call your attention to the fact that  <- remind you (notify you)
I was unaware of the fact that  <- I was unaware that (did not know)
the fact that he had not succeeded  <- his failure
the fact that I had arrived  <- my arrival
His brother, who is a member of the same firm His brother,  <- a member of the same firm
Trafalgar, which was Nelson’s last battle Trafalgar,  <- Nelson’s last battle

避免连续的大长句

相近的想法用相近的句式

  • 表意相近，句式统一

相关词放到一起

  • 从句不要放在主要动词之前
  • 主谓宾结合方便阅读
  • 代词紧贴主语

总结中时态要统一

强调的词放在句尾

A FEW MATTERS OF FORM

  • 题目或标题下留空行
  • 数字用阿拉伯数字或罗马数字表示
  • 括号末除了句号与感叹号不留标点
  • 引用要有冒号与引号
  • 逗号后引用都在引号里 Aristotle says, “Art is an imitation of nature.”
  • 引用整行或诗要另起一行居中
  • that表非正式引用，不用引号 Keats declares that beauty is truth, truth beauty.
  • 谚语与常用句式不用引号
  • 参考文献按期刊要求，文中注明引用地点，文末注明文献列表
  • 文学作品题目采用首字母大写的斜体

WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS COMMONLY MISUSED

  • All right. 避免使用冷淡词
  • As good or better than. My opinion is as good or better than his. My opinion is as good as his, or better (if not better).
  • As to whether. Whether足够哦
  • Bid. 不定式没有to，过去式bade
  • Case. 可省略词
  • Certainly. 避免使用
  • Character. 可省略词
  • Claim, vb. 及物动词，表对某某要求的声明，不可与charge等混淆
  • Compare. compare to 表相似性，可不同级别；compare with 表同级别比较 Paris has been compared to ancient Athens; it may be compared with modern London.
  • Clever. 滥用，应用范围小
  • Consider. 表意为beileve to be 时不用as，为examined或discuss时用
  • Dependable. reliable, trustworthy的无意义替代
  • Due to. 名词修饰语，不用做副词从句作为because of 等的替代
  • Effect. 名词结果，效果，affect为动词影响
  • Etc. 不用于人名，等同and the rest, and so forth
  • Fact. 用于直接确认而不用于判断
  • Factor. 无意义，考虑删除
  • Feature. 无意义，考虑删除
  • Fix. 书面语不表示修理表加固
  • He is a man who. 改为He is
  • However. 表然而，不放在句首，放句首表无论如何
  • Kind of. 非rather或something of替代，理解为书面意思，sort of等同
  • Less. less表量少，few表数字少
  • Line, along these lines. 少用
  • Literal, literally. 可省略
  • Lose out. 比loss语气更强
  • Most. 不要与almost抢饭碗
  • Nature. 考虑删除
  • Near by. 副词短语，尽量不用或用neighboring替代
  • Oftentimes, ofttimes. 古英语，现在用often
  • One hundred and one. 保留and
  • One of the most. 不要用在开头
  • People. 政治术语，与public区分，有数量用person
  • Phase. 转变与发展的阶段，不用做aspect 或 topic的替代
  • Possess. 不要与have或own混用
  • Respective, respectively. 避免使用
  • So. 避免使用
  • State. 不要与say或remark混用，表声明
  • Student body. 用students代替
  • System. 无意义，去掉
  • Thanking you in advance. 直接说thaking you
  • They. each, each one, everybody, every one, many a man用单数而非复数代词
  • Very. 珍惜使用
  • Viewpoint. 写为point of view
  • While. 少用，考虑用分号或者although代替
  • Whom. 宾格
  • Worth while. 表意模糊，尽量不用
  • Would. 不用或者别跟shall或should抢生意

WORDS OFTEN MISSPELLED

  • accidentally
  • advice
  • affect
  • beginning
  • believe
  • benefit
  • challenge
  • criticize
  • deceive
  • definite
  • describe
  • despise
  • develop
  • disappoint
  • duel
  • ecstasy
  • effect
  • existence
  • fiery
  • formerly
  • humorous
  • hypocrisy
  • immediately
  • incidentally
  • latter
  • led
  • lose
  • marriage
  • mischief
  • murmur
  • necessary
  • occurred
  • parallel
  • Philip
  • playwright
  • preceding
  • prejudice
  • principal
  • privilege
  • pursue
  • repetition
  • rhyme
  • rhythm
  • ridiculous
  • sacrilegious
  • seize
  • separate
  • shepherd
  • siege
  • similar
  • simile
  • too
  • tragedy
  • tries
  • undoubtedly
  • until
  • to-day, to-night, to-morrow有连字符
  • any one, every one, some one, some time 两个词